The Barriers and Drivers of Sustainable Transport Management in the University of Hertfordshire

â€Å"An exploratory survey of the barriers and drivers of sustainable conveyance direction in the University of Hertfordshire† Abstraction This research examines the drivers that encourage Sustainable travel in the University of Hertfordshire, it besides looks at the barriers faced by the University in accomplishing a successful rate of sustainable travel among the staff and pupils of the University. The research looked at the average split of both staff and pupils between 2002 and 2013, and tried to understand the grounds for the high per centum in the usage of individual tenancy vehicles as a primary manner of transit. The research besides studied the travel forms of members of the university proposing barriers that may hold influenced the usage of sustainable manners of conveyance. The research eventually highlights the future marks of the University of Hertfordshire to cut down auto usage and increase more sustainable signifiers of transit and besides suggests ways to cut down auto individual tenancy auto usage in the University. Table of contentsIntroduction and Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4Sustainable Transport†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4Drivers and Barriers to Sustainable Transport †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ 5Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7Consequences †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.8Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ 12Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14Introduction and BackgroundOver the past few decennaries, the term ‘sustainability’ has become rather omnipresent and has been used in our day-to-day lives, in the building, power and energy, economic, conveyance and agricultural sectors etc. The term which is defined in the Oxford lexicon ( 2014 ) as ‘the ability to be maintained at a certain degree can be said to be a planning construct which constitutes something of a revolution as it has become the accelerator for persons and organisations round the universe who are making the greatest societal alteration of our clip ( Edwards, 2005 ) . Goldman & A ; Gorham ( 2006 ) , province that following the Brundtland Commission study in 1987, planetary attending refering sustainable development has increased, faculty members and policy authoritieshave tried to use the construct in urban and metropolitan conditions. Sustainable development has demonstrated a lasting and persuasive impression as it directs policy in a distinguishable, natural way, while keeping the ability to set to new issues, economic, societal and technological conditions ( Goldman & A ; Gorham, 2006 ) . In this reappraisal, the chief focal point is on sustainable transit and the challenges encountered. The University of Hertfordshire is based in Hatfield, in the county of Hertfordshire and has about 27,725 pupils including more than 2,000 international pupils from over 85 different states, 2358 staff and a turnover of more than ?230 million. The University has a figure of sites beyond College lane and de Havilland which are the two chief campuses. These sites are ; Bayfordbury, Angerland Park and Ride, Bio Park, The Field Centre, College lane North, Meridian House, Titan Court and MacLaurin Building ( UH 2020 Estates Vision, 2011 ) . 1.1 Sustainable Conveyance Harmonizing to Black ( 2000 ) , composing about sustainable conveyance has become slippery because there are changing positions on the definition of the term, he states that in accomplishing sustainable transit, the conveyance sector would utilize renewable resources at a gait that does non excel the gait at which the resources are renewed, it would utilize non-renewable resources in a mode non transcending the rate of development of alternate resources ; and the degree which the conveyance sector releases pollutants is less than the capacity of the environment to absorb them. Sustainable travel is a cardinal issue within the University sector, hence as portion of the sustainability Programme the demand to undertake the effects of travel of both staff and pupils has been acknowledged ( Cardiff University Travel Plan, 2012 ) . It is in this position that Hensher ( 1998 ) states that bettering public conveyance is a manner of contending the lifting rates of traffic congestion, the decrease in the quality of the air and planetary heating. In his research, Black ( 2000 ) points out that there are assorted issues environing sustainable conveyance. The first facet of sustainable conveyance is how 97 % of the conveyance sector depends chiefly on crude oil which is a resource that is limited, secondly he talks on how sustainable travel is focused on the environment and as such trades with pollution including the high degrees of nursery gases being emitted into the ambiance which increases the wellness hazards of people shacking in urban parts, the writer so goes farther to state that the environmental component of sustainability is â€Å"a double edged sword†that will non merely harm major countries of human life but will besides damage the lives of the coming coevalss. Third Black argues that the conveyance system has a job of traffic congestion affecting both nomadic congestion and stationary congestion whereby there are limited parking infinites. Due to the addition in the population of staff and pupils in the higher instruction sector over the past decennary, the impact of commutation has become the largest a University has on the environment ( Tolley, 1996 ) and as such should non be taken for granted. The form of auto usage in Universities match that of wider society and are perchance made worse by the alterations in the higher instruction sector itself. The rise in the figure of pupils that ain autos can be said to be likely caused by the addition in the admittance of mature pupils while there is a deficit of available residential adjustment on campus ( Tolley, 1996 ) . 1.2 Drivers and Barriers to Sustainable Conveyance In today’s society there is a sense of societal and economic promotion attached to the ownership of autos Hensher ( 1998 ) points out that there is an unsatisfiable demand for the ownership of autos. That governments are seeking to happen a balance between the assorted manners of conveyance, looking for ways of seting public transit into a place that reduces the auto dependence in urban parts. However, Davis ( 1996 ) draws attending to environmental rules and ends to command some of the challenges faced by sustainable transit. He argues that the well-deserved attending is now being given to parking ordinances as a really effective control step. Black ( 2000 ) besides highlighted that most of the methods for managing jobs of congestion on the main roads have no cost deductions to the driving public as they are demand direction techniques. Looking at some of the barriers to sustainable transit Zuniga ( 2012 ) stated that some of the barriers to active travel are distance, conditions and safety. Besides during a research carried out by Koetse and Rietveld ( 2009 ) , looking at the impact of clime alteration and conditions on conveyance, they stated that there is a decrease in the usage of bikes and an addition in auto usage as a agency of transposing during the winter season. The University of Leicester ( 2010 ) states that accepting and minimising the usage of dodo fuel will help the University in maintaining up with statute law, stakeholder’s increasing involvements, the of all time lifting monetary values of energy every bit good as aid the University to run efficaciously in a green economic system. The Higher Education sector has become a competitory sector, and Universities need to upgrade their installations to remain competitory and to be successful. This might do the travel forms of members of the Universities to alter, and the Travel program is of import in cut downing the effects caused by the alterations ( Bournemouth University Travel program 2013 ) From the literature above it is clear that it is of import to understand the drivers and barriers to the acceptance of sustainable conveyance, and this applies in any context, including workplaces such as Universities, and the University of Hertfordshire – hence this so sets the scene and principle for this survey. The aims of this research are as follows:To set up the current province of bing cognition and literature on drivers and barriers to the acceptance of sustainable conveyance.To garner and collate bing informations on conveyance forms at the University of Hertfordshire to help in placing the alterations in the primary manner of conveyance from 2002 to 2013 and set up future marks of the University to increase the usage of sustainable manners of conveyance.To place any possible drivers and barriers apparent in the form of bing informations sets.2.0 Methodology This research has looked at sustainable transit in the University of Hertfordshire, concentrating on the drivers and barriers of sustainability in the university.The research was carried out utilizing qualitative research methods, where secondary research was done and explorative research techniques were used. In transporting out this research, literature reappraisals and a professional audience were carried out. In the literature reappraisal, an geographic expedition of academic diaries, travel programs from other UK universities and professional web sites was done in order to set up the current state of affairs on the drivers and barriers of sustainable transit and how it affects the University sector in relation to objectives 1 and 2. Secondary information was collected from the University of Hertfordshire’s Travel program to acquire study consequences on the primary manner of conveyance of both the staff and the pupils of the University between 2002 and 2013. This was done in order to analyse the alteration in travel behaviour of both the staff and pupils of the University over the 11 twelvemonth period in relation to objective 2. Analysis was carried out on the extracted information, looking at the alterations in primary manners of conveyance and proposing grounds for the alterations. Besides information was collected to set up future marks of the University to increase the usage of sustainable manners of conveyance. Search cardinal words like ; sustainability, sustainable travel, sustainable conveyance in universities, green campuses and sustainable transit, were used in the hunt for relevant literature utilizing the university’s online library ( Voyager ) and Google Scholar. Forward and rearward mention seeking techniques were besides adopted. The research was mostly a desk-based survey pulling upon bing literature and informations. 3.0 Consequences In order to analyze the travel forms of members of UH, information was extracted from the UH Travel program of 2013-2018. A travel study is normally carried out between March and April bi-ennially and in 2013 all members of staff and the pupils were invited to take portion in the study. However merely 20 % of the staff and 1 % of the pupils completed the study. The consequences are as follows: Figure 3.1 Primary Mode of Transport for staff in 2013 From Figure 3.1 above, it can be seen that the most used manner of transit for members of staff in UH is auto at 69 % , and this involves members of staff that thrust to the University on their ain ( individual tenancy vehicles ) . The 2nd highest manner of transposing for staff is the auto sharing method which is much more sustainable than the remarkable usage of vehicles and this takes 8 % , both coach usage and walking portion about the same per centum of staff at 6 % . The per centum of staff that rhythm to the university is 5 % , while members of staff that commute by train are 4 % . The big per centum of auto usage amongst the staff may be due to assorted grounds including, the demand to transport work related points around, wont, distance from place to the university, holding multiple undertakings to accomplish within a individual trip etc. Figure 3.2 Primary Mode of Transport for staff between 2002 and 2013 In Figure 3.2 above, the usage of individual tenancy vehicles as a primary agencies of transposing amongst the staff has reduced from 82 % in 2002 to 69 % in 2013. The per centum of staff that use the coach as their primary signifier of transit when transposing to and from the University had somewhat increased from 5 % in 2002 to 6 % in 2013. There has been an addition in train usage among staff, which was 4 % in 2013 from 1 % in 2002 ; the per centum of staff auto sharing has besides experienced an overall addition from 3 % in 2002 to 8 % in 2013. Cycling among members of staff has besides increased from 2 % in 2002 to 5 % in 2013, nevertheless even though walking has fluctuated over the old ages between 2002 and 2013, it has remained the same at 6 % . The alteration in the travel form of members of staff may hold been due to either wellness grounds, fiscal grounds or due to the increased consciousness of sustainability in general. Figure 3.3 Primary Mode of Transport for pupils in 2013 Figure 3.3 above shows that walking is the most popular manner of transit for pupils of UH at 43 % , this may be because a high figure of pupils live in the residential adjustments provided by the University on campus and happen it much easier to acquire to their categories. However 31 % of pupils drive to the University on their ain which is every bit high, the per centum of pupils that commute by coach is at 14 % followed by the per centum of pupils that prefer to auto portion which is 5 % . Finally the per centum of Students that rhythm and those that commute by train is comparatively low at 3 % each. Figure 3.4 Primary Mode of Transport for pupils between 2002 and 2013 Figure 3.4 above indicates that walking which is the most popular signifier of conveyance among the pupils, addition by a sum of 13 % between 2002 ( where it was 30 % ) and 2013 ( 43 % ) . The usage of individual tenancy vehicles decreased from 38 % in 2002 to 31 % in 2013, besides the per centum of pupils that use the coach as their primary signifier of transit reduced from 19 % in 2002 to 14 % in 2013. The usage of trains as a signifier of conveyance among pupils has remained the same at 3 % , while auto sharing among pupils has increased over the same period of clip from 2 % in 2002 to 5 % in 2013. Finally there was a little decrease in the usage of cycling by the pupils from 4 % to 3 % between 2002 and 2013 severally. These alterations in the primary signifiers of conveyance to more sustainable signifiers may hold been influenced by the high costs of keeping personal vehicles due to the economic state of affairs or parking limitations by the university on pupils. 4.0 Discussion One of the chief benefits of placing the travel forms of the members of the University every bit good as the barriers faced by the University in cut downing the per centum of auto usage among both staff and pupils, is that it gives a more elaborate analysis on what primary manners of conveyance are more popular and besides gives an thought as to why these manners are largely used. From the research it can be deduced that some of the drivers of sustainable conveyance include ; authorities statute law, reputational benefits ( green image ) , fiscal benefits and environmental impacts. It can besides be said that some of the barriers of sustainable conveyance are ; unfavourable conditions, distance, societal position, safety and wont among others, these could besides be attributed to the University of Hertfordshire. However the University has made farther programs to cut down auto usage most significantly as other signifiers of transit are more flexible in footings of existent modal split. The University of Hertfordshire marks to cut down individual tenancy auto usage amongst members of staff from 69 % in 2013 to 60 % by 2018, besides to increase other manners of conveyance including auto sharing, walking, cycling and the usage of public conveyance from 31 % in 2013 to 40 % by 2018. For the pupil commuter journeys, the University aims to cut down individual tenancy auto usage from 22 % in 2013 to 20 % by 2018, and to increase auto sharing, walking, cycling and the usage of public conveyance from 78 % in 2013 to 80 % by 2018. In add-on the University purposes to accomplish a average split of 7 % for individual tenancy auto usage and 93 % for the usage of sustainable manners of conveyance for pupils populating in the residential subdivision of the College Lane Campus. 5.0 Decision The aims of this research were to set up the current province of bing cognition and literature on the drivers and barriers to the acceptance of sustainable transit, to garner and collate bing informations on conveyance forms at the University of Hertfordshire and set up future marks, besides to place any possible drivers and barriers apparent in the form of bing informations. Mentions Black, W. R. ( 2000 ) ‘Socio-economic barriers to sustainable transport’ ,Journal of Transport Geography,8, pp. 141-147. Daly, H. E. ( 1991 ) ‘Steady State Economies’ . Island Press, Washington, DC. Davis, A. L. ( 1996 ) ‘Promoting sustainable conveyance on England: rules and practice’ ,Journal of Transport Geography,4 ( 1 ) , pp. 67-70. Edwards, A. R. ( 2005 ) .The sustainability revolution: Portrayal of a paradigm displacement. New Society Pub. Goldman, T. and Gorham, R. ( 2006 ) ‘Sustainable urban conveyance: Four advanced directions’Technology in Society, 28, pp. 261-273. Goodwin, P.B. , Hallett, S. , Kenny, F. and Stokes, G. ( 1991 ) ‘Transport: the new realism’ ,Report to Rees Jeffrey Road Fund, Transport Studies Unit, University of Oxford. Greene, D. L. , Wegener, M. ( 1997 ) ‘Sustainable transport’ ,Journal of Transport Geography, 5 ( 3 ) , 177-190. Hensher, D. A. ( 1993 ) ‘Socially and environmentally appropriate urban hereafters for the motor auto Transportation’ ,Conveyance Policy,20 ( 1 ) , pp. 1-20. Hensher, D. A. ( 1998 ) ‘The instability between auto and public conveyance usage in urban Australia: why does it be? ’ ,Conveyance Policy,5, pp. 193-204. Oxford lexicon, 2014. Tolley, R. ( 1996 ) . Green campuses: cutting the environmental cost of transposing.Journal of Transport Geography,4( 3 ) , 213-217. Transport Research Laboratory, ( 1994 ) ‘Impact of Transport Policies in Five Cities’ PR 107, TRL, Crowthorne.

Home School vs. Public School Essay

I prefer home schooling over public schooling; which one do you prefer? There are both pros and cons for both Home Schooling and Public Schooling. I am going to explain this all to you in my essay. I personally was home schooled for a few years during middle and high school. All of elementary school and part of middle school I went to a regular school. My reasoning for choosing to be home schooled is I have Agoraphobia which is an anxiety disorder caused by situations where people perceive the environment as being difficult to escape or get help. As soon as I would walk into a class room I would have a panic attack. One thing I liked about public school was being able to play volleyball. I loved playing it for the little bit of time that I was in middle school. Even though I wasn’t really all that great, So I didn’t play very much. That is one con of being home schooled. You cannot play sports affiliated with any school. A pro for public schooling is you have a group environment to learn in with others to help you. On the other hand with home schooling you are on your own. In home schooling you have less choices of curriculum as you would if you were going to public school. You also have more diversity in public school. When going to public school you have a higher student to teacher ratio, now with home schooling there is a small teacher to student ratio. In home schooling you are free to choose your schedule, as in public school your schedule is strict and chosen for you. Public school chooses the curriculum for you. Unlike in home schooling you can choose your own. There are now roughly millions of children being home schooled. Being home schooled teaches students to be independent in their learning choices. Sometimes home schooling can be more expensive than going to public school. Teachers are not always qualified to teach all subjects, and colleges sometimes have stricter admission policies concerning home schooled students. It is also harder to provide social interaction when being home schooled. Like I had stated before I prefer home schooling but everyone has their own opinions. This is the reason why I have enrolled myself into the University of Phoenix online. So that I can have the flexibility of my classes, this way I can work around my everyday life and not miss out when it comes to spending time with my boys. I hope that the information in my essay was helpful to you.

American Temperance Society

* Formation of the American Temperance Society marked the beginning of the first formal national temperance movement in the US. * The Temperance Movement was an organized effort during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to limit or outlaw the consumption and production of alcoholic beverages in the United States. By the mid 1830s, more than 200,000 people belonged to this organization. The American Temperance Society published tracts and hired speakers to depict the negative effects of alcohol upon people. Lyman Beecher was a prominent theologian, educator and reformer in the years before the American Civil War. * Lyman Beecher was a prominent theologian, educator and reformer in the years before the American Civil War. Beecher was born in 1775, in New Haven, Connecticut. He graduated from Yale College in 1797 and was ordained in the Presbyterian Church in 1799. He became a minister in Long Island, New York. In 1810, he accepted a position as minister in Litchfield, Connecticut. He became well known for his fiery sermons against intemperance and slavery. In 1826, he resigned his position in Litchfield and accepted a new one in Boston, Massachusetts. By this point, his reputation had spread across the United States. The church in Boston had more money to pay a minister of his standing. It also had a much larger congregation. In 1830, Beecher’s church caught fire. A merchant who rented some rooms in the church stored whiskey in the basement. The whiskey somehow ignited. Beecher took this as a personal affront considering the sermons he delivered in the church’s sanctuary against the evils of liquor. Neal Dow, temperance reformer, born in Portland, Maine, 20 March 1804. He is of Quaker parentage, attended the Friends’ academy in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and was trained in mercantile and manufacturing pursuits. He was chief engineer of the Portland fire department in 1839, and in 1851 and again in 1854 was elected mayor of the City. He became the champion of the project for the prohibition of the liquor traffic, which was first advocated y James Appleton in his report to the Maine legislature in 1837, and in various speeches while a member of that body. * Through Mr. Dow’s efforts, while he was mayor, the Maine liquor law, prohibiting under severe penalties the sale of intoxicating beverages, was passed in 1851. After drafting the bill, which he called â€Å"A bill for the suppression of drinking houses and tippling shops,† he submitted it to the principal friends of temperance in the City, but they all objected to its radical character, as certain to insure its defeat. It provided for the search of places where it was suspected that liquors intended for sale were kept, for the seizure, condemnation, and confiscation of such liquors, if found; and for the punishment of the persons keeping them by fine and imprisonment. Maine Law of 1851, The law was forced into existence by the mayor of Portland, Neal S. Dow. Its passage prohibited the sale of alcohol except for medical or manufacturing purposes. By 1855, there were 12 states in the U. S who joined Maine in what became known as the â€Å"dry† states. And the states which allowed alcohol were dubbed â€Å"wet† states. – The act was very unpopular among many working class people and many immigrants. That is when opposition to the law turned deadly by June 2, 1855 in Portland, Maine. It was rumored that Neal S. Dow was keeping a vast supply of alcohol within the city while denying it to the citizens of Portland. He was then called the â€Å"Napoleon of Temperance,† and to others, an unadulterated hypocrite. The alcohol which was allowed into Portland was supposed to be used for medicinal and mechanical reasons were valued at about $1,600. It was distributed to doctors and pharmacists as authorized by the Maine law. – The Irish immigrant population of Portland, Maine was vocal critics of the Maine Law. They saw it as a thinly disguised attack on their culture based on stereotypes. The Irish community already distrusted Neal S. Dow. The Maine law that Dow sponsored had a mechanism whereby any three voters could apply for a search warrant based on suspicion of someone illegally selling liquor. † The Father of American Education†,† Horace Mann, was born in Franklin, Massachusetts, in 1796. Mann’s schooling consisted only of brief and erratic periods of eight to ten weeks a year. Mann educated himself by reading ponderous volumes from the Franklin Town Library. This self education, combined with the fruits of a brief period of study with an intinerant school master, was sufficient to gain him admission to the sophomore class of Brown University in 1816†³ (4, Cremin). He went on to study law at Litchfield Law School and finally received admission to the bar in 1823 (15, Filler). In the year 1827 Mann won a seat in the state legislature and in 1833 ran for State Senate and won. Horace Mann felt that a common school would be the â€Å"great equalizer. † Poverty would most assuredly disappear as a broadened popular intelligence tapped new treasures of natural and material wealth. He felt that through education crime would decline sharply as would a host of moral vices like violence and fraud. In sum, there was no end to the social good which might be derived from a common school -In 1848 Mann resigned as Secretary of Education and went on to the U. S. House of Representatives and then took the post of President of Antioch College in 1852. He stayed at the college until his death in August 27, 1859. Two months before that he had given his own valedictory in a final address to the graduating class; † I beseech you to treasure up in your hearts these my parting words: Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for Humanity† (27, Cremin). – Mann had won his victory as the public school soon stood as one of the characteristic features of American life – A â€Å"wellspring† of freedom and a â€Å"ladder of opportunity† for millions. William McGuffey, U. S. educator remembered chiefly for his series of elementary readers. McGuffey taught in the Ohio frontier schools and then at Miami University (1826 – 36). His elementary school series, starting with The Eclectic First Reader, was published between 1836 and 1857. Collections of didactic tales, aphorisms, and excerpts from great books, the readers reflect McGuffey’s view that the proper education of young people required their introduction to a wide variety of topics and practical matters. They became standard texts in nearly all states for the next 50 years and sold more than 125 million copies. In these years McGuffey also served as president of Cincinnati College (1836 – 39) and of Ohio University, Athens (1839 – 43). He was a founder of the common school system of Ohio. In 1845 he was elected to the chair of mental and moral philosophy at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, a position he held until his death. Noah Webster published his first dictionary of the English language in 1806, and in 1828 published the first edition of his An American Dictionary of the English Language. The work came out in 1828 in two volumes. It contained 12,000 words and from 30,000 to 40,000 definitions that had not appeared in any earlier dictionary. In 1840 the second edition, corrected and enlarged, came out, in two volumes. He completed the revision of an appendix a few days before his death, which occurred in New Haven on the 28th of May 1843. * Webster changed the spelling of many words in his dictionaries in an attempt to make them more phonetic. Many of the differences between American English and other English variants evident today originated this way. The modern convention of having only one acceptable and correct spelling for a word is due mostly to the efforts of Webster, in standardizing spelling. Prior to this, the popular sentiment toward spelling might have best been summed up by Benjamin Franklin who said that he â€Å"had no use for a man with but one spelling for a word. † * produced his own modern English translation of the Bible in 1833. Though an excellent and highly accurate translation, Webster’s Bible was not widely accepted, due to the continued popularity of the ancient King James version. It was, however, was the most significant English language translation of the scriptures to be done since the King James version of more than 200 years earlier. Mary Lyon, American educator, founder of Mt. Holyoke College, b. Buckland, Mass. She attended three academies in Massachusetts; later she taught at Ashfield, Mass. , Londonderry, N. H. , and Ipswich, Mass. Interested in promoting the higher education of women, she won the aid of several influential men and succeeded (1837) in establishing Mt.  Holyoke Female Seminary (later Mt. Holyoke College) at South Hadley, Mass. She served as principal for 12 years, directing the development of a well-rounded college program and emphasizing the principle of service to others. Emma Willard, Educator. Born Emma Hart on February 23, 1787, in Berlin, Connecticut. Emma Willard is remembered for her trailblazing efforts on behalf of women’s education. Raised by a father who, while a farmer, encouraged her to read and think for herself, she attended a local academy rom 1802 to 1804 and then began teaching. – In 1807 Emma Willard went to Middlebury, Vermont to head a female academy there. Two years later she married a local doctor named John Willard. She opened her own school, the Middlebury Female Seminary, in 1814 to provide advanced education that young women were denied by colleges. Her Address†¦ Proposing a Plan for Improving Female Education (1819) was a much admired and influential proposal to get public support for advanced education for young women. Emma Willard moved to Troy, New York, in 1821, where she opened the Troy Female Seminary. (It was renamed the Emma Willard School in 1895. ) With both boarding and day students, in some respects it was the first U. S. institution of serious learning for young women, though even it recognized that most of its graduates would be housewives, not professionals, and most of its students came from families of means. The school actually made a profit, and she also earned money from the textbooks she wrote. American Temperance Society * Formation of the American Temperance Society marked the beginning of the first formal national temperance movement in the US. * The Temperance Movement was an organized effort during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to limit or outlaw the consumption and production of alcoholic beverages in the United States. By the mid 1830s, more than 200,000 people belonged to this organization. The American Temperance Society published tracts and hired speakers to depict the negative effects of alcohol upon people. Lyman Beecher was a prominent theologian, educator and reformer in the years before the American Civil War. * Lyman Beecher was a prominent theologian, educator and reformer in the years before the American Civil War. Beecher was born in 1775, in New Haven, Connecticut. He graduated from Yale College in 1797 and was ordained in the Presbyterian Church in 1799. He became a minister in Long Island, New York. In 1810, he accepted a position as minister in Litchfield, Connecticut. He became well known for his fiery sermons against intemperance and slavery. In 1826, he resigned his position in Litchfield and accepted a new one in Boston, Massachusetts. By this point, his reputation had spread across the United States. The church in Boston had more money to pay a minister of his standing. It also had a much larger congregation. In 1830, Beecher’s church caught fire. A merchant who rented some rooms in the church stored whiskey in the basement. The whiskey somehow ignited. Beecher took this as a personal affront considering the sermons he delivered in the church’s sanctuary against the evils of liquor. Neal Dow, temperance reformer, born in Portland, Maine, 20 March 1804. He is of Quaker parentage, attended the Friends’ academy in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and was trained in mercantile and manufacturing pursuits. He was chief engineer of the Portland fire department in 1839, and in 1851 and again in 1854 was elected mayor of the City. He became the champion of the project for the prohibition of the liquor traffic, which was first advocated y James Appleton in his report to the Maine legislature in 1837, and in various speeches while a member of that body. * Through Mr. Dow’s efforts, while he was mayor, the Maine liquor law, prohibiting under severe penalties the sale of intoxicating beverages, was passed in 1851. After drafting the bill, which he called â€Å"A bill for the suppression of drinking houses and tippling shops,† he submitted it to the principal friends of temperance in the City, but they all objected to its radical character, as certain to insure its defeat. It provided for the search of places where it was suspected that liquors intended for sale were kept, for the seizure, condemnation, and confiscation of such liquors, if found; and for the punishment of the persons keeping them by fine and imprisonment. Maine Law of 1851, The law was forced into existence by the mayor of Portland, Neal S. Dow. Its passage prohibited the sale of alcohol except for medical or manufacturing purposes. By 1855, there were 12 states in the U. S who joined Maine in what became known as the â€Å"dry† states. And the states which allowed alcohol were dubbed â€Å"wet† states. – The act was very unpopular among many working class people and many immigrants. That is when opposition to the law turned deadly by June 2, 1855 in Portland, Maine. It was rumored that Neal S. Dow was keeping a vast supply of alcohol within the city while denying it to the citizens of Portland. He was then called the â€Å"Napoleon of Temperance,† and to others, an unadulterated hypocrite. The alcohol which was allowed into Portland was supposed to be used for medicinal and mechanical reasons were valued at about $1,600. It was distributed to doctors and pharmacists as authorized by the Maine law. – The Irish immigrant population of Portland, Maine was vocal critics of the Maine Law. They saw it as a thinly disguised attack on their culture based on stereotypes. The Irish community already distrusted Neal S. Dow. The Maine law that Dow sponsored had a mechanism whereby any three voters could apply for a search warrant based on suspicion of someone illegally selling liquor. † The Father of American Education†,† Horace Mann, was born in Franklin, Massachusetts, in 1796. Mann’s schooling consisted only of brief and erratic periods of eight to ten weeks a year. Mann educated himself by reading ponderous volumes from the Franklin Town Library. This self education, combined with the fruits of a brief period of study with an intinerant school master, was sufficient to gain him admission to the sophomore class of Brown University in 1816†³ (4, Cremin). He went on to study law at Litchfield Law School and finally received admission to the bar in 1823 (15, Filler). In the year 1827 Mann won a seat in the state legislature and in 1833 ran for State Senate and won. Horace Mann felt that a common school would be the â€Å"great equalizer. † Poverty would most assuredly disappear as a broadened popular intelligence tapped new treasures of natural and material wealth. He felt that through education crime would decline sharply as would a host of moral vices like violence and fraud. In sum, there was no end to the social good which might be derived from a common school -In 1848 Mann resigned as Secretary of Education and went on to the U. S. House of Representatives and then took the post of President of Antioch College in 1852. He stayed at the college until his death in August 27, 1859. Two months before that he had given his own valedictory in a final address to the graduating class; † I beseech you to treasure up in your hearts these my parting words: Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for Humanity† (27, Cremin). – Mann had won his victory as the public school soon stood as one of the characteristic features of American life – A â€Å"wellspring† of freedom and a â€Å"ladder of opportunity† for millions. William McGuffey, U. S. educator remembered chiefly for his series of elementary readers. McGuffey taught in the Ohio frontier schools and then at Miami University (1826 – 36). His elementary school series, starting with The Eclectic First Reader, was published between 1836 and 1857. Collections of didactic tales, aphorisms, and excerpts from great books, the readers reflect McGuffey’s view that the proper education of young people required their introduction to a wide variety of topics and practical matters. They became standard texts in nearly all states for the next 50 years and sold more than 125 million copies. In these years McGuffey also served as president of Cincinnati College (1836 – 39) and of Ohio University, Athens (1839 – 43). He was a founder of the common school system of Ohio. In 1845 he was elected to the chair of mental and moral philosophy at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, a position he held until his death. Noah Webster published his first dictionary of the English language in 1806, and in 1828 published the first edition of his An American Dictionary of the English Language. The work came out in 1828 in two volumes. It contained 12,000 words and from 30,000 to 40,000 definitions that had not appeared in any earlier dictionary. In 1840 the second edition, corrected and enlarged, came out, in two volumes. He completed the revision of an appendix a few days before his death, which occurred in New Haven on the 28th of May 1843. * Webster changed the spelling of many words in his dictionaries in an attempt to make them more phonetic. Many of the differences between American English and other English variants evident today originated this way. The modern convention of having only one acceptable and correct spelling for a word is due mostly to the efforts of Webster, in standardizing spelling. Prior to this, the popular sentiment toward spelling might have best been summed up by Benjamin Franklin who said that he â€Å"had no use for a man with but one spelling for a word. † * produced his own modern English translation of the Bible in 1833. Though an excellent and highly accurate translation, Webster’s Bible was not widely accepted, due to the continued popularity of the ancient King James version. It was, however, was the most significant English language translation of the scriptures to be done since the King James version of more than 200 years earlier. Mary Lyon, American educator, founder of Mt. Holyoke College, b. Buckland, Mass. She attended three academies in Massachusetts; later she taught at Ashfield, Mass. , Londonderry, N. H. , and Ipswich, Mass. Interested in promoting the higher education of women, she won the aid of several influential men and succeeded (1837) in establishing Mt.  Holyoke Female Seminary (later Mt. Holyoke College) at South Hadley, Mass. She served as principal for 12 years, directing the development of a well-rounded college program and emphasizing the principle of service to others. Emma Willard, Educator. Born Emma Hart on February 23, 1787, in Berlin, Connecticut. Emma Willard is remembered for her trailblazing efforts on behalf of women’s education. Raised by a father who, while a farmer, encouraged her to read and think for herself, she attended a local academy rom 1802 to 1804 and then began teaching. – In 1807 Emma Willard went to Middlebury, Vermont to head a female academy there. Two years later she married a local doctor named John Willard. She opened her own school, the Middlebury Female Seminary, in 1814 to provide advanced education that young women were denied by colleges. Her Address†¦ Proposing a Plan for Improving Female Education (1819) was a much admired and influential proposal to get public support for advanced education for young women. Emma Willard moved to Troy, New York, in 1821, where she opened the Troy Female Seminary. (It was renamed the Emma Willard School in 1895. ) With both boarding and day students, in some respects it was the first U. S. institution of serious learning for young women, though even it recognized that most of its graduates would be housewives, not professionals, and most of its students came from families of means. The school actually made a profit, and she also earned money from the textbooks she wrote.

P.Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

P.Management - Essay Example We note that most of these costs are estimations; thus, some are more accurate compared to others. Director General Costs These are costs incurred in running a project and can be traced back to the said project. Such costs are charged on the project on an item-to-item basis. These include costs such as salaries and wages for personnel tasked with managing the student record management system. Moreover, costs such as fringe benefits for the project managers and other personnel should be incorporated in budgeting for direct costs. Fringe benefits refer to the benefits payable for insurance, retirement or group health policies taken on part time employees, temporary research professionals engaged in the development of the project and its implementation or any selected student employees who may be enlisted in the project management. Such benefits are, however, not payable to full time employees as they already enjoy the benefits associated with fringes. Purchase of additional computers, printers and scanners, which are essential in the project, is also classified as a direct cost to the project. While ordinary purchase of these devices may not be considered a direct cost, this project calls for purchase of highly updated models that are resistant to crashes and other device problems deemed normal. Costs involved in training staff who will be using the system on a regular basis, such as employees in the finance, administration and accounts departments, should be included when computing the project’s direct costs. It is also paramount to include transportation costs to the training centers and meals for trainees in computation of direct costs. Other direct costs for this project include costs of maintaining the system routers, computers, scanners and printers. Moreover, direct costs include costs incurred in maintaining high standards of security such as installation of security devices and security guards to man the project sites (Milosevic, 2001). Administra tive Overhead or Project Overhead Costs These are costs of activities which are beneficial to more than one project. Such costs are quite difficult to approximate, for instance, it is difficult to estimate how activities of the head of the finance department benefit the student records management system. Some of the administrative overhead costs involved in the running of the learning institutions include rent and utilities such as electricity and water payable by the institution, legal and audit fees to relevant persons or institutions, general college or university security, general telephone expenses incurred by the institution and salaries and wages of the institution’s administrative staff (Milosevic, 2001). However, there are certain costs that can be classified as either direct costs or administrative overhead costs. These include postage and telephone charges incurred by the project and other miscellaneous office expenses involved in the project, but which cannot be e asily differentiated from ordinary, miscellaneous expenses. Both direct and certain administrative overhead costs are summed up when formulating the budget for this project (Suhanic, 1999).  . Developing a Time-Phased Budget A time-phased budget such as the cost baseline budget is most suited for budgeting in such a project. The baseline budget involves the summation of estimates of costs of the project. A time-phased budget is the process of determining when funds need to be availed to support the performance of the project; thus, it requires information

Midterm study guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Midterm study guide - Essay Example Mantiklos dedicated the sculpture to Apollo, the hunter, hoping for gift in return (Helen, Fred, & Christin, 2005, p. 787). What is a kouros? Kouros is a statue built to the size, sometimes larger than the actual size of the objet that it represented. Most of Kouros were made of marble except in limited occasions where they were made from other sculptor materials. Kouros had a standing frontal posture with one of the legs displaced forward in a manner of walking. The arms were close to the body, rested on the thighs. Kouros depicted strict symmetry and different parts of the anatomy constructed as simple geometric forms (Helen, Fred, & Christin, 2005, pp. 805-810). The favorite subject of Greek artists was male instead of females. Female nudity was rare in Greek art because it had either religious or erotic implications. Therefore, women as the subject of art were restricted to vase paintings of courtesans and slave girls. The portrayal of nude goddesses was considered scandalous and artists rarely sculpted woman (Helen, Fred, & Christin, 2005, p. 835). The Greek temple layout was based on an architectural design of megaron, a form of building that has been in use since the Bronze Age. The temple was organized into rectangular cellas that had protruding walls called antae. The protrusions framed a porch called pronaos at one end. The building was cordoned off by a margin, the adyton that served the purpose of admission of priests. Two or more columns supported the porch. The temple was constructed on a raised platform called stylobate. As a design rule, the external colonnade contained along the long side twice the number of columns in the short side. Columns comprised of three parts; the base, the shaft and the top (capital) (Helen, Fred, & Christin, 2005, pp. 923-925). What is the center of the temple – what were temples for? Greek temples served as homes for gods and goddesses whose role was

The Education of John Dewey - a biography by Jay Martin Essay

The Education of John Dewey - a biography by Jay Martin - Essay Example John Dewey was considered as one of the most ten important thinkers in the history of the country of America. This was of the many instances of popularity he achieved during his lifetime from his birth in the year 1859 till his death in 1952. The short hand word of Pragmatism identified his line of thinking conventionally. The body of thought as prescribed by the prominent thinker has been identified as one of the distinctive philosophy of the American society that had been ruling the philosophy of the country for the last fifty years. The work he had done for the education system of the society has still been famous and influential in recent period in the eve of the changing world and has been considerably famous for the worldwide system of education. According to him education is the immediate necessity of life. The ascendance of multiculturalism and that of independent thinking of individuals in the American pedagogy of the contemporary period was anticipated in the educational wo rks that had been done by him in his lifetime. In the emerging democracies of the present world The University of Chicago Laboratory School that have been founded by him in the year 1896 has been a model for the schools and also in entire world of schools. John Dewey had well established himself as one of the eminent reformers of the education system of the country.... The movement of progressive education emphasized on attacking the established education system of the country from both inside and outside the establishment. However, according to some critics of the education philosophy of John Dewey, the philosophy had racial assumptions underlying it. The famous child centered education philosophy of John Dewey holds true for the American as well as the European American students but not for the African Americans. Apart from this criticism the educational thoughts propagated by him had been truly helpful for education of every society of the country. There was a need of continuous interaction of the classroom education of an individual along with experience of his real life. There is the need of students in continuously learning the use of the past experience of the individual along with the present one for the attainment of decisions intelligent enough in the future. Education of the individual is defined as the only process in achieving so. Acco rding to John Dewey harmonization of individuals with the people of the society, which is involved in the growth of the mental power of individuals, is the ultimate meaning of education. A democratic society in the country could only be evolved with the achievement of education with respect to the intelligence capacity of each individual of the society along with his or her own uniqueness. Dewey perceived democracy as a ‘â€Å"way of life† founded on a working belief in the possibilities of human nature and in the capacity of humans for â€Å"intelligent judgment and action† (Martin 438). He addressed the League for Industrial Democracy in 1931 and suggested the ban of Japanese commodities unless they receded their forces from the borders

Negotiations and Conflict Resolution in Sports and Entertainment Research Paper

Negotiations and Conflict Resolution in Sports and Entertainment - Research Paper Example There have been times when proper rights do not get provided which results in an outcry among the employees of the industry. The history of formation contracts can be dated back from 1960s and early 1970s when Major League Baseball Player Association (MLBPA) entered into the scenario. Introduction of players association also enabled sports agent to enter into the games and then with the passage of time, in late 1990s the trend of sports agencies or more renowned as sports agency firms started and afterwards many players joined several sports agencies and today all big names in sports have some kind of affiliation or connection with sports agencies. Players like Roger Federer, Tiger Woods, Maria Sharapova have affiliation with Octagon. NFL, NBA, NHL, MLB have affiliations with IMG. there are many other stars having their own agents who negotiate with different organizations and producers on different issues (Ferrand, Torrigiani, & Povill, 2007). Having a contract is one of the legal way to form an agreement or relationship between the organization and the person. Therefore celebrities as well as players need to have form agreements with the organization. Contact is important because it defines the rights and obligation of both the parties involved. And in this way one can avoid different conflicts and negotiate with each other in more effective and efficient manner. With the introduction of third parties like agents and sport agency firms along with the popularity of different sports and celebrities because of extensive coverage of media, at the same time more investors and organizations are ready to make investment in sports and media, the bargaining power of players, athletes and celebrities have increased a lot against organizations and sponsors. Therefore now players, celebrities and athletes demand a lot more than before. Previously associations used to pay after making the players and celebrities

Shay's Rebellion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shay's Rebellion - Essay Example (151). Washington indicates that the then Americans did not enjoy liberty and security in their livelihood (151). Drafting of a constitution that will champion for the needs of all citizens in the country, and one that will closely be adhered to, by all in the administration posts (151). This Washington quotes, to prevent incroachments and promote respect in the country. In the letter it is evident that the then president has numerous fears that what the American was wary of at that particular time has numerous elements of truth and verity. In the chapter, Washington is indicated to verify that what he had dreamt of what had come to pass (David &Mayer, 152). From his letter, it is evident that; In the letter, Washington laments to Knox on the behavior of rebels of Massachusetts (152). Though he advises Knox to respect the insurgents and keep advising them, Washington hopes for a better day in America. Besides the allegations of corruption, which Washington claims, to have taken the headlines in the Newspapers, Washington is wary that Americans may not be bright enough to notice other ills that may be inflicted on them. David & Mayer indicate that Washington is more than convinced that the ignorance in the Americans has augmented to an extent of them forgetting the virtues of the one prestigious and mighty country (152). The need to amend the Federal constitution has become an obvious case. To prove this, Washington is seen to have a lot of confidence in the position and the ability of Knox to minimize the chances of the occurrence of bitter confrontations in the state. Need for change in the public administration .Though Washington indicates that Knox is not exact in the type of change needed for this society; Knox’s letter indicates chances of his contribution in effecting change. Washington advocates for complete vigilance and vigor in pushing for reforms in the country. This he confirms in the

The problems of development ( advencement raising quality of life in Research Paper

The problems of development ( advencement raising quality of life in Africa - Research Paper Example â€Å"In the midst of the election process, the people in the east of the  Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC) are in danger. Why? Because of the fighting between the army and the militia groups. The United Nations World Food Programme sounds the alarm.† (Food Crisis in Congo) There is very wrong perception of the rich people that there is no food shortage in the world and this is because they have all the luxuries in the world, but they have just noticed the sharp increase in food price. However, food is becoming a scarce resource and this increase in prices is a result of food crisis which is one of the most important global issues. According to The Oxford Committee for Famine Relief (OXFAM), there are 967 billion people who do not have enough amount of food to eat (2008). It is found that the global food crisis exists because of several causes. Oil crisis is one of the main factors which have a direct impact on the food crisis, the prices of food transportation and agricult ural fertilizers have increased because of the oil crisis and the same directly affects the food crisis. Population growth is another cause especially in middle class countries such as India the same has led to an increase in the demand of meat that apply more grain in order to be produced than other commodities. Climate change has also affected food production where drought covered several parts of the world such as south Asia. Trade is another cause of food crisis because imported goods might be cheaper than goods produced in the country, so poor farmers are forced to reduce the price of their products. Finally, Biofuel production is considered as one of the biggest causes of food crisis since the price of food has increased at the same time as biofuel production has increased. The food crisis not only affects the developing countries but it has also started taking a toll on the developed countries. This essay considers the responses to food crisis in Congo which is a developing c ountry in South Africa. To understand this issue, we fist need to explain the reasons for food crisis in Congo. Then, we will discuss and evaluate the current responses to this problem there. Finally, other appropriate responses to solve the food crisis in Congo will be presented. As a poor developing country in Africa, Congo has been suffering from economical Decline since its independence from the British in the year 1980, and this is exactly the main factor for food crisis. Weak economical situation in Congo brings about less than 30 per cent of employment as a result of which, hunger expands in the country and more people live in extreme poverty (IRIN, 2008). 5.5 billion dollars as dept on the Congo government to be paid to other countries, this goes to show how fragile the Congo government is. According to the same source, irregular and delays in dept payment led some countries to stop trade with the Congo government. Many areas in Congo receive less rain than before which resu lts in less food production (Care, n.d). For instance, maize, which is the stable food in Congo, harvests declined by one third from the production ten years ago (IRIN 2, 2008). Even in areas where it rains regularly, many people are still hungry because farmers do not have enough amounts of seed and fertilizer to cover the demand (Famine Early Warning System Network, 2008). Now it is clear that economical decline, unemployment,

How use of Tone, Imagery & Form in Emily Dickersons poems help to Research Paper

How use of Tone, Imagery & Form in Emily Dickersons poems help to represent her feelings about life & death - Research Paper Example What critics might interpret as depression, Dickinson intended it to be wise insight. The tone of â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† wavers between serenity and longing. As the protagonist of the poem is led away into death, which is symbolized by the carriage passing by the school and fields, there is a sense of calm and peace, almost relaxation. The protagonist is not only accepting that her death is taking place, but she is almost welcoming of it. â€Å"We slowly drove, he knew no haste, And I had put away My labor, and my leisure too (Dickinson & Vendler 42).† Though Death is the one driving slowly, the protagonist is still sitting back and allowing the journey to happen. Similarly, even though the protagonist was unable to stop for death, when death stopped for her she did not try to fight against it. However, as they passed the school and fields, a sense of longing took over as the protagonist realized all of the life that she was leaving behind her.  "We passed the school, where children strove [...], We passed the fields of grazing grain, we passed the setting sun. Or, according to Emily Dickinson and Helen Vendler (42), Death passed the protagonist (Dickinson & Vendler 42).† The protagonist included herself among those that Death was passing, revealing that she was not quite ready to go. As such, Dickinson may have been ready to accept death, but she was unable to completely let go of life. â€Å"I Felt a Funeral in My Brain† conveys the tones of aloneness and terror. Even though the poem immediately reveals that there are mourners present at this faux-funeral, the protagonist admits to feeling alone. â€Å"And I, and Silence, some some strange Race, Wrecked, solitary, here (Dickinson 97).† Since this poem discusses both death and life, there is an admittance to aloneness in both states (Farr 76). In death, the protagonist will have no one; in life, they had no one. It is in this way that Dickinson shows th ere is no difference between death and life. The tone of terror is also sensed as the protagonist descends into madness, which is what she meant by â€Å"I felt a funeral in my brain (Dickinson 97).† The protagonist is not really dying, but she is slipping into madness, and the journey is terrifying to her. Through this poem, it is revealed that life is lonely and terrifying, and death is the same way, especially because they are both being undergone alone. Despite the amount of company, life and death are independent matters. Emily Dickinson used imagery in her poems to bring new life to her own feelings. In â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death,† death is personified as a man or a suitor. Instead of the cliche grim reaper, Death is a civilized, welcoming man (Raina 11). The protagonist feels no fear accepting the ride from him, which shows how she does not fear death. Furthermore, the carriage ride displays the journey from life to death. Carriages are often conne cted with royalty or pleasant outings, and this was the method of transportation for death instead of a hearse, making it a comfortable ride to death (Baker 215). The house that the carriage arrives at represents the final resting place of the protagonist. Rather than a coffin or even a mausoleum, Dickinson picks a place that signifies warmth and comfort. All of these images provide a very calming experience of death as opposed to the horrid depictions

Identify and briefly explain three reasons Essay Example for Free

Identify and briefly explain three reasons Essay Due to rational thinking and the culture of todays’ society become less traditional, it could be that there is less time in people’s lives to believe in a Religion. As going to Church and worshiping takes time out of someone’s daily routine where they may feel they are needed more. The growth of state and democracy (disengagement) means that the state and the church are not as influenced by one another as they used to be, this means that there is not a great amount of pressure on people to attend church by the state. Religion on its own is not enough of a force for people to attend church meaning it is less influential. It could also be that due to the forward thinking of today’s society and like Grace Davie says, that people today are far more inclined to take a personalised view on religion, and that churches such as the Church of England are not in decline but are more privatised in the household home. 02) Using material from item A and elsewhere assess the view that, while the Church of England is declining, other religions and spiritual movements are flourishing. I aim to show that even though statistics say that attendance is declining in religious worship, that actually it may not be that religion is declining but the way worship is happening now has changed and there is in fact many more forms of religion. In item A it states that from a report by the Bible society that by 2025 only 87,800 people will be attending church, compared to the one million plus that attend church now. Weber and Comte also said that eventually religion would wither away due to the world changing and accepting science and science beliefs such as New Age and Scientology over religious explanations of the world, and the less emotions and traditions which are according to Weber the main characteristics of religion. As well as rationalism like Comte also conveys in a different way. Steve Bruce also says that religion is in decline as he took Comte’s ideas and made his own modernity thesis which said that Modernity was the main route for religion declining and that it was indeed declining. However  it was only declining because of certain key processes which are rationalisation the idea that rational thinking in the shape of science has replaced religious influence, disengagement the idea that the church and wider society are separate and not involved with each other, fragmentation of social life the idea that religious institutions have been pushed out of many institutions such as education and politics, loss of community the idea that community is being replaced by society and religious pluralism the idea that industrialisation has fragmented society into a marketplace of religions. Steve Bruce says that because of his thesis it is that religion is in decline, especially those of the traditional kind such as the Church of England this is because for religious decline to be happening due to the key processes happening all at ponce acting on each other. Bruce also says religion isn’t undermining education welfare and social control and as a result society is not learning about religion as they were pre modernity and so religion is declining as it is not being taught as it was before. It can also be argued that the religions such as the Church of England are not declining and spiritual movements are not flourishing just coming to light. This may be because the stats used to prove the decline in the Church of England by the bible society and others haven’t been collected by systematic collection. It may be that those who collect the data are only counting the heads that enter the church they don’t take into account those who aren’t able to make it to church. Such as those who worship by themselves in their time but also those who can’t make it to church, such as the elderly and instead worship privately and watch songs of praise. Stark and Bainbridge also supports this in their work but also disagree with Bruce when he says that during medieval period there were more religious people as they say that yes more people attended church in those tomes but they weren’t religious, they only attended as they had to because the squire made them, as they wanted to keep their pay and jobs. They were actually very disrespectful in the church service by belching and farting in the pews, now you don’t get those who don’t want to be in church in church and so religions such as the Church of England haven’t declined it is only those who are truly religious that now go to church. Grace Davie is another sociologist who believes that religions such as the Church of England are not in decline as she believes that society now doesn’t always leave enough  time for people to attend a place of worship but they do so privately. Private worship means that people may believe that as they don’t go to church or the place of worship they aren’t religious and assume religion is in decline however this is not true they are just choosing to worship in private. Due to the belief of crisis of meaning and uncertainty brought on by the postmodern or high modernity era that it is said we live in, it is true that spiritual movements are flourishing and coming to light. This is mainly because when people are searching for meaning and certainty they look towards the future for this and new spiritual movements can normally give this certainty but can also give a person an insight into themselves and help them discover themselves as an individual and what their meaning in the world is. In conclusion I believe that religious movements are not in decline as the supporting evidence is more and uses more historical and correct data than those who say religion is declining. It is also true that Bruce did not make his thesis based on data but based on what he thought, meaning that those for not in decline were more supported and there theories backed up by solid evidence and data.

Dr. Jose Rizal Essay Example for Free

Dr. Jose Rizal Essay Topic (textbook pages, lesson number, unit). Time allotment. | Materials Needed| * Do not include standard classroom equipment (e. g. , chalkboard). * Include things such as books, colored pencils, PowerPoint presentation, handouts, etc. | Objectives| * District, state, and national standards (whatever is applicable at the school). * Long-term objectives (describe the lesson as part of a larger idea, such as a one-day lesson on Louis XIV that contributes to understanding the chapter concept on the growth of absolute monarchy). Short-term (lesson) objectives: Measurable and specific, phrased in terms of the student will | Procedures| * Introduction: Start with a hook (an attention-getter) to introduce the lesson. This should be understandable and relatable, and should activate prior knowledge. * Instruction: How will the goals of the lesson be reached? What will the students do to reach the objectives? Will the students complete a learning task in teams? Will the students take notes from a lecture? Closing: Students demonstrate that they followed the instructions. This includes anything from sharing teamwork results, to review questions over a lecture or PowerPoint. | Independent Work| * This includes follow-up work done in class or as homework. * Any work assigned should be an extension of the in-class lesson. Ideally, it simultaneously reinforces the lesson, builds upon it, and creates background knowledge for the next lesson. | Assessment| * Determine whether or not the goals of the lesson have been reached. Types of assessment may vary. * Formal assessments include quizzes, tests, work (such as essays) evaluated according to a rubric, etc. * Informal assessments include looking over students completed assignments, question-and-answer sessions, etc. | Reflection| * This is done after the lesson as a self-reflection exercise. * What parts of this lesson worked well? How might these parts be made even better? * What parts of this lesson did not work? Why? Should these parts be altered, changed, or scrapped?

Ethical Stance for Research on Sustainable Tourism

Ethical Stance for Research on Sustainable Tourism Introduction Dr Jim Macbeth (2005, p.963), a lecturer and researcher in Australia who specialises in tourism research, has put forward the argument that, in the modern world, the stakeholders involved with the tourism industry, primarily the educators, developers and providers, need to find an â€Å"ethical† stance that will create a natural and appropriate platform for studying sustainability in tourism. To assess the validity of this assessment, one has to first consider the way that tourism research has been conducted and evolved in recent decades, together with the approach that has been used by the tourism industry in dealing with and combining the ethical and sustainability issues. From this a discussion on the relevance of ethical issues that are needed to address sustainability can be developed. Tourism Research As Dr Macbeth (2005) observes, historically, tourism research had evolved into a multi-faceted approach, which is based upon the four main threads outlined in the study conducted by Jafa Jafari (1990). In the initial stages, such research concentrated mainly upon the economic aspects of the tourism process. Being directed in this manner, the result of this research tended to emphasise the fiscal benefits that developing tourism would bring to a particular destination and the commercial organisations. However, with the increasing prevalence of the implementation of the economic research and their impact on destinations, researchers began to ask questions about the adverse social and cultural effect tourism was having. These two processes covered the tourism industry through the era of growth in mass-tourism. Alternative Tourism The third stage of tourism industry research development moved to the study of a new tourism phenomenon, alternative tourism, Initially, this was just seen and studied as a different level of tourist consumer, one whose demands and expectations were more than just the for the sun, sea and sand vocation of the mass-market vacation. These are the tourist who want independent and self-fulfilling vacations, ones that provided a unique level of escape. They were seeking the more active vacations, ones that gave the feeling of â€Å"self-autonomy and self-invention† (Cohen and Taylor, 1992, p.25) It was as a result of this movement that the educational institutions, particularly universities, became more interested in treating tourism as a bona-fide study subject. Universities increasingly offered courses aimed specifically at tourism as they took a deeper interest in the subject. Jafa Jafari (1990) was also correct in his prediction that the global educational commitment to tourism has increased at a faster rate from the date of his publication than it did previously. In addition, the educationalists, scholars and researchers have expanded the areas of their research into other and dedicated aspects of the subject. Sustainability In the last two decades two areas of tourism have attracted particular attention in educational and research, these being sustainability and ethics, in that order. Sustainability, which has been a driving focus in business for several decades, was the first area that caught the interest of tourism researchers. Initially it was approached on the basis of how to protect and maintain the attraction of destinations that were experiencing mass tourism growth. However, with the advent of increasing concerns regarding protection of the historical and natural environment, together with the increased interest in the physical damage that man was causing the climate, the scope of research into sustainability in tourism broadened significantly. Studies were conducted into ways in which destinations of historical and cultural interest could be exploited for tourism purposes, and to the economic benefit of the local community, whilst at the same time ensuring that the sites remained intact and did not become damaged or adversely affected by the increasing tourist traffic influx. Sustainability in natural destinations also received a lot of attention. The question of how one managed the dichotomy of conflicting issue that arise between the expectation and perception of the tourist consumer on the one hand, and the sustainability requirements of the destination on the other, were issues that resulted in a number of studies. For example, as Dr Macbeth (2005) has observed in terms of â€Å"wildlife† tourism, one has to decide how far to provide the natural experience of wildlife adventure that the tourists demands, whilst at the same time allowing the wildlife the ability to be sustained in their own environment. The discussion as to whether limited captivity, as is the case of the safari parks of Africa, provided a sustainable answer, namely would it still provide the experience that the tourist consumer required although not strictly a natural experience, was undertaken. One study into this specific subject by Newsome, Hughes and Macbeth (2005) showed t hat captive wildlife, seen in a natural setting, received a positive response from the tourists, fulfilling their expectations, whilst at the same time this environment offered some protection for the animals and their habitat. Similar issues and concerns have arisen regarding the tourist attraction to natural places of outstanding beauty, such as lakes and mountains. Here again, studies have concentrated on the complex issue of how to satisfy the tourism need without allowing that need to destroy the environment being enjoyed. However, problems began to develop when the theories were put into practice. As Fennell (2006, p.1) mentions in his book, a â€Å"negative backlash that has come about regarding the so-called ‘new tourism.’† One of the main reasons for this was that not all of the stakeholders involved in the tourism research were being adequately considered. As Fennell (2006, p.4) explains, there are three significant human sides to this triangle, being the tourist, the organisation that arranges the travel or vacation, and those who reside at or close to the destination. As a result of these mounting concerns, the issue of â€Å"ethics† began to arise. Ethics Ethics are codes that are derived and constructed from the moral value that is attached to an action, and they apply to every aspect of our lives. In other words the fundamental ethos of ethics dictates that the action or behaviour of a person, group or organisation should be appropriate to the issue and be seen to be conforming to the expectations of those affected by that behaviour (Fennell 2006, p.57). Like the word â€Å"sustainability†, the term â€Å"ethics† has in recent years become a featured part of the rhetoric within the business world as a whole and the tourism industry is no exception (Pearce, Moscardo and Ross 1977, p.89). Much is written in promotional material by tourism organisations about the ethics of their product and the ethical principals by which they work. In fact a plethora of ethical codes have been produced for all tourism industry stakeholders including, â€Å"codes of ethics for travellers; codes of ethics for tourists, for government, and for tourism businesses. Codes for all†¦ † (Fennell, 2006 p.241). However, partially as a result of the fact that such codes were not considered to be sufficient, and did not respond to the issues that were being raised, tourism researchers such as Jim Macbeth (2005) and others began to study how ethics should be viewed and used when dealing with the problems of sustainability within tourism. To do this meant that one had to look at ethics from the point of view of all shareholders, which, when addressing the three mentioned in Fennell’s (2006, p.4) study, meant understanding the effects that tourism policy and planning had on them. In addition there is the ethics related to the impact vacations will have upon environmental issues and how to handle these facets. In term of the application of ethics to the tourist consumer, research has to consider both aspects of these stakeholders. Not only is there the moral and ethical issue of ensuring that the tourist perceptions and expectations are honestly matched, but there is also the tourists own ethical standards and how they impact upon the success of otherwise of the sale of the destination product. The authenticity of the wildlife issue has been mentioned previously. Although, the majority of tourists considered the â€Å"captivity in natural surroundings† to be a natural wildlife experience, is it ethical for the destination to be portrayed in this manner? Similarly, is it ethical for the wildlife to be subjected to this sort of unnatural control simply to satisfy the needs of the tourist consumer? The tourist attitudes to â€Å"alternative tourism† have also changed. The tourist consumer has become more aware of the environmental issues surrounding destinations and vacations. As Pearce, Moscado and Ross (1997, p.152) explain in their study regarding the tourist relationship with the destination they are visiting, the â€Å"environmental attitudes to tourism are not held in isolation but, for some citizens, are a part of a larger environmental ethic.† An increasing number of tourists no longer expect their vacations to include all of the environmentally damaging aspects that were previously provided, neither do they expect the planners and policy makers to develop areas for vacations to the detriment of the environment; historical and cultural values. Similarly, they do expect those same persons and organisations to act towards the tourist consumer in an ethical manner. The perception is that, whilst providing the destination for vacation, this should be conducted in an ethical manner, ensuring that the correct measures are taken to ensure sustainability of the site and those communities, wildlife and natural resources that depend upon it. Brokers Brokers include all of those parties that have an interest in providing the destination and its activities to the tourist. This includes the local governments and policy makers, those who develop and maintain the sites, such as the hoteliers and attraction owners, and the sellers, being travel agents. All of these organisations need to address ethical issues that attract to the services and facilities they provide. Research has shown that many of these operators and brokers are already promoting the ethical aspect of their service, and are claiming that they have taken on board the demands of the consumer. For example there are corporations whose â€Å"Ethical tours claim to combine environmental education with minimal travel comfort, help protect local communities and environments† (Mowforth and Munt 2003, p.51). However, research and studies undertaken cast doubt on many of these claims. As Mowforth and Munt’s (2003, p.202) studies show, whilst the terms â€Å"environment,† â€Å"sustainability† and may appear in the organisation’s publicity to promote their ethical stance, it does not necessarily mean that these are factual claim. One representative, when questioned by these researchers in regards to their corporate responsibility to inform their consumers about the affect of tourism, responded that their primary task was to sell vacations. Much of the research work that Dr Macbeth (2005) has undertaken over the years, has been specifically targeted at endeavouring to create a platform which allows these organisations to address the ethical issues that face them in the provision of destinations and services, so that the claims made can be supported by genuine action. Macbeth has provided both theoretical and practical examples of how a destination can be designed in such a way that it incorporates the needs of all the stakeholders, whilst at the same time limiting the damage that can be caused by unethical methods. This includes how to involve the communities at all levels of the development of the destination and its running; ensure safety of the local environment, historical venues and places of interest; and at the same time presenting the destination in an ethically positive manner that will still address all of the tourist consumer demands and expectations and sustain tourism usage. One of the most difficult ethical issues facing tourism today is the community that live around or are involved in the destination site. This is especially true in areas such as developing countries and where there is a new destination being developed or exploited, as well as areas that have not had previous experience of such ventures within their locality. In the case of communities in and surrounding new destination developments, there are a number of ethical issues to be addressed. For example, whilst most may desire the benefit of such a development, Dr Macbeth believes that the developer has an ethical duty to ensure that the community is fully aware of the impact that the developed destination will have on their lives, environment and, potentially, their culture. It is accepted that this is not an easy task to achieve, particularly as with no previous experience by which to make a comparison, these communities may not fully comprehend the impact even when it is explained to them. Nevertheless, as the case studies and actual projects carried out by Dr Macbeth and his students have demonstrated, it is possible for such an understanding to be achieved (Jim Macbeth 1997). Community reactions are very important to the successful development of any destination site. Therefore their involvement with and acceptance of the project is important to achieve. As Pearce, Moscardo and Ross (1997, p.6) confirm, â€Å"the issue of how communities shape and respond to social and environmental changes is a driving factor in assessing community response to tourism.† Environment Finally, there is the issue of ethics in respect of the environment. In the current climate of potential threat to wildlife, dwindling natural resources, locations and the larger environmental issues, destination managers have an ethical duty to play their part in its sustainability. They also have a duty to ensure that their development does as little environmental damage as possible and contribute to the protection of the environment, rather than add destructive forces that will increase the dangers and damage. This includes such matters as energy conservation, emission control, and protection of wildlife, heritage and local communities. For example, with wildlife it is important that the planners are aware of any endangered species located within the destination target area, and ensure that the neither the development, nor the resultant tourist consumer activity can in any way add to the endangerment of that species. Ethical research It is important that, prior to the commencement of any development, research is undertaken to ensure that all of the ethical issues are addressed. The organisation needs to understand the impact that construction projects might have on the local environment, and its impact on issues such as wildlife protection and climate emissions. The research must also evaluate the effect of the development on the local population, its culture and heritage. One important proviso of the research that is undertaken is the independence of the researchers who undertake the study. Whilst, as is increasingly the case with studies and research projects that take place within universities, the planners and policy makers may contribute funding for the project, it is essential, and ethically correct to ensure that these people and organisations are able to carry out their tasks without any influence or pressure applied by those organisations. The purpose of such research is to reach a conclusion that provides for an ethical stance that all of the stakeholders can agree is desirable and, in addition, provide recommendations as to how the project and the ethical stance can be achieved and protected. In essence it should form the basis for â€Å"the purpose of identifying a template from which to aid in the development of tourism ethics.† (Fennell, p.197) Conclusion From the various researches that have been studied in the preparation of this paper, it is the author’s opinion that the hypothesis statement made by Dr Jim Macbeth is supported. There is a need for the educators and other stakeholders in the tourism industry to review the issues and construct an â€Å"ethical stance† that provides for a sustainable platform. It is equally importance that the strategy evolved from such a stance is seen to be effective and transparent to all concerned, with a determined effort to address and maintain all of the issues that constructing and maintaining a vacation destination involves. It is equally important to ensure that any studies and researches undertaken in an effort to achieve such a position are arrived at as a result of full discussion with, and involvement by all of the stakeholders involved with the product. Fennell (2006, p.346) observes, â€Å"In allowing ethics into tourism, we open the door to philosophy and the humanities.† Whilst it is accepted that this is the case, in the view of the author, there is no possibility of omitting this factor from the tourism research process. Ethics is an integral part of the tourist consumer’s human decision process. It is the stance that is taken on those ethics and the way it is approached that is important. References Butcher, Jim (2003). The Moralisation of Tourism: Sun, Sand†¦ and Saving the World? Routledge. London UK. Cohen, S. and Taylor, L (1992). Escape Attempts. The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Everyday Life. Routledge. New York. US. Fennell, David A (2006). Ethical Tourism. Channel View Publications. Clevedon, UK. Jacobsen Damien, Carson Dean, Macbeth Jim and Rose Simon (2005) Prosper Pilot Case Study. Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre. Queensland, Australia. Jafari, Jafar (1990). Research and Scholarship: The Basis of Tourism Education. The Journal of Tourism Studies, Vol.1, No.1. Queensland, Australia. MacBeth, Jim (2005). Towards an Ethics Platform for Tourism. Elsevier Ltd. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 32. No. 4, pp 962-984. Oxford, UK. Macbeth, Jim (1997). Tourism, Policy and Planning in Australia and New Zealand: Issues and Cases. Irwin Publishers. Sydney, Australia. Section 3, Chapter 13. Mowforth, Martin and Munt, Ian (2003) Tourism and Sustainability. Routledge. London, UK. Pearce, Philip L., Moscardo, Gianna and Ross, Glenn F. (1997) Tourism Community Relationships. Elsevier Ltd. Oxford, UK. Cohen, S. and Taylor, L (1992). Escape Attempts. The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Everday Life. Routledge. New York, US. Newsome, D, M. Hughes and J. Macbeth (2005) Captive Wildlife Tourism in a Natural Setting: Visitor Satisfaction as a Measure of Success at Barna Mia, Western Australia. Journal of Ecotourism. Vol. 4, No. 2, pp73-91. Australia.

T. S. Eliots Critique of Henry James Washington Square :: Henry James Washington Square

T. S. Eliot's Critique of Henry James' Washington Square In the article "A Prediction," by T. S. Eliot, Henry James is both criticized and praised as a writer: "His technique has received the kind of praise usually accorded to some useless, ugly and ingenious piece of carving which has taken a very long time to make; and he is widely reproached for not succeeding in doing the things that he did not attempt to do" (55). Eliot seems to feel that James has not been properly criticized, and in fact that some criticisms are contradictory and inconsistent. Perhaps critics of James have expressed themselves in these manners because James's writing is hard to identify with because it is not real. In Washington Square, there are several components that cause the novel to come across as unrealistic. The most prominent appears to be the characters and how they are presented and interact with each other throughout the novel. The personality of each character is very hard to pinpoint. As I read through the novel, I could not figure out exactly what Doctor Sloper's motives were. Did he really dislike Morris Townsend or was he just trying to keep his daughter from marrying anyone at all? The Doctor's reasons seem sufficient enough, "If Morris Townsend has spent his own fortune in amusing himself, there is every reason to believe that he would spend yours" (71). However, the Doctor's motives also seem curious. He waited to tell Catherine that he disliked Morris until after he had asked her to marry him, when all along the Doctor disliked Morris. In fact, it was hard to ignore the doctors snide comments about Morris that appeared consistently throughout the book. For example, at the traditional Sunday evening at Mrs. Almond's, the Doctor comments, "'He is amazingly conceited!'" (57). The Doctor comments without having really talked with Morris. He has made up his mind about Morris before he really even meets him Regardless of James's failure to present real characters who have believable social settings, work for a living, and express emotions and opinions about the trials and tribulations that they encounter, Eliot argues that, "had James been a better hand at character, he would have missed the sensibility to the peculiar class of data which were his province" (55).

The Light and Dark Forces in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay

The Light and Dark Forces in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, explores something truer and more fundamental than a mere personal narrative. It is a night journey into the unconscious and a confrontation within the self. Certain circumstances of Marlow's voyage, when looked at in these terms, have new importance. Marlow insists on the dreamlike quality of his narrative. "It seems to me I am trying to tell you a dream - making a vain attempt, because no relation of a dream can convey the dream - sensation." Even before leaving Brussels, Marlow felt as though he "was about to set off for center of the earth," not the center of a continent. The introspective voyager leaves his familiar rational world, is "cut off from the comprehension" of his surroundings, his steamer toils "along slowly on the edge of a black and incomprehensible frenzy." As the crisis approaches, the dreamer and his ship moves through a silence that "seemed unnatural, like a state of trance; then enter a deep fog." In the end , there is a symbolic unity between the two men. Marlow and Kurtz are the light and dark selves of a single person. Marlow is what Kurtz might have been, and Kurtz is what Marlow might have become.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much of the meaning in Heart of Darkness is found not in the center of the book, the heart of Africa, but on the periphery of the book.   The story that Marlow tells centers around a man named Kurtz. However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz he has learned from other people, many of whom have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtz's story. We slowly get to know more and more about Kurtz. Part of the meaning of Heart of Darkness is ... ...e human condition. Kurtz represents what every man will become if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment. Marlow represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienated jungle. The book implies that every man has a heart of darkness that is usually drowned out by the light of civilization. However, when removed from civilized society, the raw evil within his soul will be released.    Works Cited and Consulted Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: Norton, 1971. Greene, Graham. The Heart of the Matter. New York: Penguin, 1984. Hawthorn, Jeremy. Joseph Conrad: Narrative Technique and Ideological Commitment. New York: Arnold, 1990. Murfin, Ross C., ed. Joseph Conrad, "Heart of Darkness": A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. New York: Bedford-St. Martin's, 1989.

Gore Vidal’s Lincoln :: Gore Vidal Lincoln

Gore Vidal’s â€Å"Lincoln† Gore Vidal’s â€Å"Lincoln† was an excellent narrative of the Presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Through Vidal’s portrayal of the personality of Lincoln and the people surrounding him it was easy to get an idea of the leadership role that Lincoln played during presidency. After reading many accounts of Lincoln during my research for my paper, I found that Vidals account was extremely accurate. Most interesting was the commanding yet passive relationship that Lincoln had with the members of his cabinet and his generals. Vidal also gave a portrayal of the capitol during the 1860’s that is seldom mentioned in any of the Literature that I have read. These accounts really help to get a feel for the environment in which Lincoln made his decisions. Lincoln’s family life was also revealed in some detail in the novel which helps us to see the personal dilemmas and tragedies that Lincoln had to overcome while he was president. Overall Vidal’s portra it of Lincoln was interesting and accurate to my knowledge. It gives an extraordinary view of the leadership of President Abraham Lincoln. In the book Vidal shows us a picture of the capitol at the time. It seemed as it the entire town was unfinished. The capitol building was without the dome and the streets had just been paved. From the accounts of Mary Lincoln in the book, it seemed if the White House was hardly a luxurious mansion and was barley fit for a president. Also in the atmosphere in Washington D.C. at the time was the Attitude of the place itself. Since Washington was a neutral state much of the population was against Lincoln and sided with the confederacy. Lincoln cabinet was strategically chosen by Lincoln, he chose those in his party who ran against him in the election or were close to the Republican Party. Vidal’s Lincoln reveals Lincolns thinking about these people and how he places them in. I have read in other readings including, The Unfinished Nation, byAlan Brinkley, that Lincoln picked these people to have a diversety of ideas in his cabinet. He wanted to keep these people close to him so that they would be working for him and not against him. The fictional character Lincoln in Vidal’s book in regards to to Salmon P.

Ancient Discoveries: Troy Essay

This report covers a brief historic background on the discovery of the Hisarlik site of Troy; Heinrich Schliemann (refer to figure 1.), its discoverer and his methodologies whilst excavating the site. It focuses primarily on his second campaign, the most famous of the five- and his lack of scientific archaeological structure whilst excavating, rather using philological and relative dating methods; mistakes as a result of careless excavations, and the legacy it has left on history and archaeology of Troy till this day. As a child, Heinrich Schliemann had an obsession with Homer’s epic cycles/poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. After cornering the market at the age of 41, he became a millionaire and retired from merchantry to pursue his love of archaeology, committing to proving the actual historicity of the â€Å"Trojan War† and the Homeric city of Troy. (Refer to figure 2.) Schliemann had a good idea of where to begin looking. In 1868, Schliemann journeyed to Greece and Asia Minor in search of the lost city, travelling north-west Turkey to examine both mounds Bunarbashi and Hisarlik. Because, according to Greek myth, the general Agamemnon collected his force in Aulis, a site on the eastern shores of Greece, Troy must have lain to the east of Greece. The Iliad mentioned that Mount Ida was visible from the walls of Troy, but from Bunarbashi the mountain could not be seen. There were also a number of topographical discrepancies such as, the distance from the sea being eight miles where Schliemann approximated from the text that it should not be more than four. Using geographic clues from his copy of the Iliad, Schliemann discovered another hill near the village of Hisarlik that seemed to fit Homer’s description. Schliemann’s decision to excavate at Hisarlik was confirmed after incurring a preceded theory by British archaeologist, Frank Calvert that Hisarlik was indeed the ancient city of Troy. Calvert had been working on the mound for over 20 years and had acquired half of the hill but lacked in finances to pursue further investigations on the site, so he decided to confide his archaeological findings with Schliemann, gaining collaboration with the rich benefactor in uncovering Troy. (Refer to figure 13.) The exact location of Troy (or Ilium) was lost after 400 B.C., and over the centuries the site was buried under many layers of earth, however fortunately preserving the site for its future excavations. Schliemann was to excavate Hisarlik during five separate campaigns: Mycenae (1876-78), Ithaca (1878), Orchomenus, Boeotia (1881-82), and Tiryns (1884-85); but it was the second one of 1871-1873 which proved to be famous. Ruins were uncovered soon after the excavation began at Hisarlik. Nevertheless, Schliemann was perplexed by the complexity of the mound, whose stratification resulted in the discovery of four superimposed towns (later excavations revealing nine cities). (Refer to figure 3.) To get to the supposed level of Homer’s Troy, Troy II, he dug vast trenches through the entire mound, unceasingly demolishing later structures and crucial historical evidence- his reason being that he thought it was built later than Homer, and was therefore in the way. Schliemann mentions employing large numbers of local labourers on the site, which varied from 80-125 men at a time using crude pickaxes, spades, and wheelbarrows to dispose of â€Å"intervening rubble†. On his way through the mound he destroyed the foundations of a large building. Completely ignoring all the layers which clearly revealed a variety of different settlements, he continued to dig- removing an estimated 325,000 cubic yards of earth. (Refer to figure 4.) Priam’s Treasure (refer to figure 5.) consisted of 8700 pieces of golden pendants, earrings, bracelets, rings, diadems, cups, salvers, cauldrons, vases; however Schliemann’s account of finding the treasure unfortunately is believed untrue. His fixation to reach what he considered to be â€Å"the real troy† was so intense as to render him cataloguing some of the more interesting finds even if his dating was totally wrong. Subsequent checks of dates/events do not support Schliemann’s claims. For example, Priam’s alleged Treasure was assigned to Troy II, whereas, we now know from Wilhelm Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rpfeld’s later excavations that King Priam would have reined Troy VI or VIIa, which occupied hundreds of years later. (Refer to figure 6.) Unlike many of his scholarly contemporaries, Heinrich Schliemann regarded the stories of the ancient Greek poet Homer as being literally true. He used this as the basis of dating all artefacts obtained from the dig, essentially using philology as a method of relative dating. In an analogy to philological methods, he used the term â€Å"comparative archaeology† to his system as early as 1880, pointing out in a letter: â€Å"In its way comparative pottery is as important as comparative philology.† His diaries, such as Troja, (refer to figure 7.) reveal detailed records containing sketches and accounts of all the finds- geological, botanical, and meteorological observations. However, Schliemann worked in an era when archaeology was mostly treasure-hunting. Only some of the most advanced archaeologists were beginning to understand that excavation is a destructive process- It must be done slowly and carefully, while recording detailed information, to learn as much as possible. When Schliemann began excavating, there was no accepted practice existed for archaeological fieldwork. Stratigraphy had been observed and understood in the Danish peat bogs, the Jutland barrows, and the prehistoric Swiss Lake dwellings, but Hisarlik was the first large dry-land man-made mound to be dug. Schliemann was no pioneer of the rudimentary scientific archaeology and did not adhere to a scientific method when carelessly excavating Troy. Later on as his career progressed, he eventually enlisted the help of specialists such as Rudolph Virchow (pathologist, anthropologist, pre-historian, biologist), Archibald Sayce (linguist), Max Mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ller (German philologist and orientalist), and Wilhelm Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rpfeld. Wilhelm Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rpfeld, a famous architect can be accredited for teaching Schliemann archaeological method, specifically how to dig stratigraphically at Troy, majorly assisting with Troy’s stratigraphical dating methodology (and after Schliemann’s death was able to determine that Troy VI, not Troy II was most probably Homer’s Troy). Ironically, Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rpfeld joined the team around 1882, once Schliemann had already mass-destructively excavated Troy layer-by-layer from top through to bottom. It was then that Schliemann realized that he had gone too far because the settlement at the Hisarlik site predated Troy II by 1,700 years, however all in vain as irreversible damage done to the stratigraphy meant the loss of its multiple cities. A popular tourist attraction, this can still be seen today in Turkey at the ruins of Troy where walls from different historical periods have been excavated. (Refer to Figures 8 and 9.) Many other archaeologists followed Schliemann, conducting more methodical and scientific excavations of lands surrounding the Aegean. Recent archaeology of the classic civilizations of Europe has concentrated on the lives of common citizens. American archaeologist David Soren, for example, led a research team in the 1980s in southwestern Cyprus. Soren and his team reconstructed the events of a powerful earthquake that struck the Roman port of Kourion in AD 365. Soren’s team uncovered collapsed buildings in which entire families had been buried in their sleep. Despite Schliemann’s controversial reputation as a fraudulently cunning and amateur archaeologist among historians, his discovery and excavations of Troy has left a legacy on historians and archaeologists today. More importantly, Schliemann revived the lost interest in Ancient Greek societies and was one of the first popularisers of archaeology. With his books and dispatches to The Times, the Daily Telegraph and other papers he kept the world informed and excited by his archaeological discoveries as no one had done before. (Refer to figure 14.) Most scholars considered Homer’s stories of the Trojan War to be just Myths. (Refer to figure 12.) By excavating Hisarlik, Schliemann successfully disproved them; although his work raised more controversy over the existence of troy and the authenticity and historicity of Homer’s Epic poems/cycles among historians [i.e. Michael Woods] (refer to Figure 11.). This has lead on to a legacy of excavations to be held at Troy till this day (Refer to Figure 10.) including those of Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rpfeld, Carl Blegen, and Manfred Korfmann who all proved evidence of occupation/activity on the site from findings of skeletons, helmets, bronze weaponry as described in the Iliad; with the help of University knowledge and more advanced technology which helped draw conclusions of more accurate stratigraphy dating of the cities and artefacts. If the Trojan War is accepted as an authentic event in history, there are many opinions divided over the subject of the wooden horse leading to Troy’s downfall. Cline, a Bronze Age scholar, has suggested that the Trojan Horse could have been a reference to an earthquake, since Poseidon- the sea god also known as â€Å"Earth-shaker†- had the horse as his particular animal. (Refer to figure 16.) As mentioned earlier, Schliemann worked in an era when archaeology was mostly treasure-hunting, but he had successfully demonstrated the value of archaeology for historical purposes, being the first person to test an ancient myth by excavating an archaeological site. He discovered Homeric Troy as well as a citadel that existed long before homer- a prehistoric Bronze Age civilisation in Turkey. Prior to that, historians only recognised 4 empires: Greece, Rome, Egypt, and Babylon-Assyria. Schliemann discovered two new civilisations which lengthened the perspective of history; nearly discovering a third, situated in prehistoric Crete. Because of his errors and mistakes, archaeologists are more wary of archaeological methods of excavation and have improved in preserving/conserving sites whilst excavating. Another contribution to archaeologists was his very careful observation of pottery. In the 1800s, objects such as pottery were only important for display in museum show cases. But Schliemann insisted that pottery, even fragments of unpainted coarse ware, constitute as a historical document/clue. He realized value of pottery for chronological and stratigraphical questions. In an 1873 newspaper, Schliemann wrote â€Å"At any place, where there have been human settlements, we find lots of potsherds, which are far more durable than city-walls or fortification-walls†¦They give us two termini for the date of the enclosing walls: they can neither be older than the oldest potsherds, nor later than the latest.† For example, most historians and archaeologists of the time believed the city of Troy never existed and among the few that did, most deemed Bunarbashi-located a few miles inland from the Aegean sea as the location. Schliemann, not only argued this using philological comparison to the Iliad, but also proved that Bunarbashi could not be the site of troy, because of potsherds-he found no potsherd older than the fifth or 6th century BC. Ancient Greek historians placed the Trojan War variously in our 12th, 13th, or 14th century BC: Eratosthenes to 1184 BC, Herodotus to 1250 BC, and Duris of Samos to 1334 BC. The legacy of Troy has since prompted Hollywood’s â€Å"long love affair† with the ancient world- inspiring the genre of the â€Å"sword and sandal epics†; and continues to be a popular subject that many Hollywood directors attempt to interpret and reconstruct- despite the highly inaccurate facts regarding characters and the series of events plot development. However, they remain imbedded in our mass media and popular culture; varying from 1950s-1960s classics like that of Ben Hur, Cleopatra, Spartacus, The Ten Commandments or the more contemporary editions such as 2004 make Troy starring the likes of Brad Pitt, Eric Bana, Rose Byrne, and Orlando Bloom. (Refer to Figure 15.) In conclusion, Heinrich Schliemann’s discovery of Troy served as a stepping stone in what we know as modern archaeology. He uncovered Troy of Homeric legend and found a new world of recovered history. But the question of if he really did find Homer’s city of Troy, no one can know for sure. Whether or not it is, Schliemann definitely won himself a place in history as the â€Å"father of archaeology’- and his excavations at Troy are still widely studied by many students; who learn from his mistakes in crude methodology as well as adopt his romance for the lost city (or cities) of troy.